ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS KOMUNIKASI RADIO DAN PENGAWASAN VTS (VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICE) DALAM MENCEGAH RISIKO TUBRUKAN KAPAL DI ALUR PELAYARAN SEMPIT

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP)-based radio communication between the Sunda Strait VTS operators and the ship officers of the watch (commercial and ferry), as well as to evaluate the coordination patterns and surveillance mechanisms of VTS regarding Non-Compliance with the Mandatory Reporting System (MRS) in preventing ship collision risks in narrow fairways and the Sunda Strait Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS). The research methodology used is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. Data were gathered through In-depth Interviews with six informants (three VTS operators and three officers of the watch), direct Observation in the Sunda Strait VTS Control Room, and the analysis of operational documents (VHF communication logbooks, AIS track recordings, and VTS SOPs). Source and method triangulation were applied to ensure the credibility of the findings. The results indicate that the effectiveness of radio communication fluctuates: under routine conditions, compliance with SMCP and Closed-loop Communication reaches 75–85%, but during peak hours in the TSS, it drops to approximately 60%, with the execution of Read-Backs plunging below 40%. Most vessels only respond to VTS instructions with "Roger" or "Copy" without repeating maneuvering parameters, creating an "illusion of communication" that shortens the Time to Closest Point of Approach (TCPA) and increases the risk of incidents. Regarding MRS compliance, the rates vary: Sailing Plan ~85%, Position Report ~65%, and Deviation Report is critically low (~40%), causing Blind Spots in the VTS Traffic Image and forcing a shift in the surveillance mechanism from preventive to reactive through Proactive Calling. This study recommends four problem-solving alternatives: (1) strict enforcement of a Closed-loop Communication

protocol, (2) digitalization of the MRS based on AIS-integrated e-reporting, (3) scenario- based VTS-ship training simulations specific to the Sunda Strait, and (4) strengthening

SOPs through post-operational Feedback Loops. The combination of Alternatives 1 and 4 is determined to be the most viable short-term solution, while Alternatives 2 and 3 serve as systemic mid-to-long-term reforms.